Technical info

Scan chain

All 498 designs are joined together in a long chain similiar to JTAG. We provide the inputs and outputs of that chain (see pinout below) externally, to the Caravel logic analyser, and to an internal scan chain driver.

The default is to use an external driver, this is in case anything goes wrong with the Caravel logic analyser or the internal driver.

The scan chain is identical for each little project, and you can read it here.

block diagram

Updating inputs and outputs of a specified design

A good way to see how this works is to read the FSM in the scan controller. You can also run one of the simple tests and check the waveforms. See how in the scan chain verification doc.

  • Signal names are from the perspective of the scan chain driver.
  • The desired project shall be called DUT (design under test)

Assuming you want to update DUT at position 2 (0 indexed) with inputs = 0x02 and then fetch the output. This design connects an inverter between each input and output.

  • Set scan_select low so that the data is clocked into the scan flops (rather than from the design)
  • For the next 8 clocks, set scan_data_out to 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0
  • Toggle scan_clk_out 16 times to deliver the data to the DUT
  • Toggle scan_latch_en to deliver the data from the scan chain to the DUT
  • Set scan_select high to set the scan flop's input to be from the DUT
  • Toggle the scan_clk_out to capture the DUT's data into the scan chain
  • Toggle the scan_clk_out another 8 x number of remaining designs to receive the data at scan_data_in

update cycle

Notes on understanding the trace

  • There are large wait times between the latch and scan signals to ensure no hold violations across the whole chain. For the internal scan controller, these can be configured (see section on wait states below).
  • The input looks wrong (0x03) because the input is incremented by the test bench as soon as the scan controller captures the data. The input is actually 0x02.
  • The output in the trace looks wrong (0xFE) because it's updated after a full refresh, the output is 0xFD.

Clocking

Assuming:

  • 100MHz input clock
  • 8 ins & 8 outs
  • 2 clock cycles to push one bit through the scan chain (scan clock is half input clock rate)
  • 500 designs
  • scan controller can do a read/write cycle in one refresh

So the max refresh rate is 100MHz / (8 * 2 * 500) = 12500Hz.

Clock divider

A rising edge on the set_clk_div input will capture what is set on the input pins and use this as a divider for an internal slow clock that can be provided to the first input bit.

The slow clock is only enabled if the set_clk_div is set, and the resulting clock is connected to input0 and also output on the slow_clk pin.

The slow clock is synced with the scan rate. A divider of 0 mean it toggles the input0 every scan. Divider of 1 toggles it every 2 cycles. So the resultant slow clock frequency is scan_rate / (2 * (N+1)).

See the test_clock_div test in the scan chain verification.

Wait states

This dictates how many wait cycle we insert in various state of the load process. We have a sane default, but also allow override externally.

To override, set the wait amount on the inputs, set the driver_sel inputs both high, and then reset the chip.

See the test_wait_state test in the scan chain verification.

Pinout

PIN     NAME                DESCRIPTION
20:12   active_select       9 bit input to set which design is active
28:21   inputs              8 inputs
36:29   outputs             8 outputs
37      ready               goes high for one cycle everytime the scanchain is refreshed
10      slow_clk            slow clock from internal clock divider
11      set_clk_div         enable clock divider
9:8     driver_sel          which scan chain driver: 00 = external, 01 = logic analyzer, 1x = internal

21      ext_scan_clk_out    for external driver, clk input
22      ext_scan_data_out   data input
23      ext_scan_select     scan select
24      ext_scan_latch_en   latch
29      ext_scan_clk_in     clk output from end of chain
30      ext_scan_data_in    data output from end of chain

Instructions to build GDS

To run the tool locally or have a fork's GitHub action work, you need the GH_USERNAME and GH_TOKEN set in your environment.

GH_USERNAME should be set to your GitHub username.

To generate your GH_TOKEN go to https://github.com/settings/tokens/new . Set the checkboxes for repo and workflow.

To run locally, make a file like this:

export GH_USERNAME=<username>
export GH_TOKEN=<token>

And then source it before running the tool.

Fetch all the projects

This goes through all the projects in project_urls.py, and fetches the latest artifact zip from GitHub. It takes the verilog, the GL verilog, and the GDS and copies them to the correct place.

./configure.py --clone-all

Configure Caravel

Caravel needs the list of macros, how power is connected, instantiation of all the projects etc. This command builds these configs and also makes the README.md index.

./configure.py --update-caravel

Build the GDS

To build the GDS and run the simulations, you will need to install the Sky130 PDK and OpenLane tool. It takes about 5 minutes and needs about 3GB of disk space.

export PDK_ROOT=<some dir>/pdk
export OPENLANE_ROOT=<some dir>/openlane
cd <the root of this repo>
make setup

Then to create the GDS:

make user_project_wrapper

Changing macro block size

After working out what size you want:

  • adjust configure.py in CaravelConfig.create_macro_config().
  • adjust the PDN spacing to match in openlane/user_project_wrapper/config.tcl:
    • set ::env(FP_PDN_HPITCH)
    • set ::env(FP_PDN_HOFFSET)